Kidney Stones

What Are Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones are hard, crystalised deposits made of minerals and salts (such as calcium, uric acid, or struvite) that form inside the kidneys. They can remain in the kidney or move into the urinary tract, causing severe pain and potential blockages.

What Symptoms Should I Look For?

• Severe, sharp pain in the back, side, or lower abdomen (renal colic)

• Pain that comes in waves and changes intensity

• Pain during urination

• Pink, red, or brown urine (blood in urine)

• Nausea and vomiting

• Urinary urgency or frequency

• Fever and chills (if infection is present with the stone)

How Are Kidney Stones Diagnosed?

• Medical history and physical exam

• Urine tests to check for infection or crystals

• Blood tests to detect high calcium or uric acid levels

• Imaging tests (ultrasounds, CT scan, X-ray)

What Treatment Options Are Available?

• For small stones, drink plenty of fluids to flush them out.

• For larger stones, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy uses sound waves to break the stones down

• Ureteroscopy - endoscopic removal through the urethra and bladder

• Percutaneous nephrolithotomy - keyhole surgery for large or complex stones

• If infection develops, urgent drainage and antibiotics are required

How Can I Prevent Kidney Stones?

• Drink plenty of fluids daily

• Limit salt and animal protein in your diet

• Eat calcium-rich foods (but avoid excess supplements)

• Reduce high-oxalate foods (spinach, nuts, chocolate, tea) if prone to oxalate stones

• Stay active and maintain a healthy weight